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1 CRIBI Biotechnology Centre, University of Padua, I-35121 Padua, Italy
2 Interdisciplinary Research Centre, K.U. Leuven Kortrijk, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
Reprint requests to: Angelo Fontana, CRIBI Biotechnology Centre, University of Padua, Viale G. Colombo 3, I-35121 Padua, Italy; e-mail: fontana{at}civ.bio.unipd.it; fax: 39-049-8276159.
The partly folded states of protein members of the lysozyme (LYS)/
-lactalbumin (LA) superfamily have been analyzed by circular dichroism (CD) measurements and limited proteolysis experiments. Hen, horse, dog, and pigeon LYSs and bovine LA were used in the present study. These are related proteins of 123- to 129-amino-acid residues with similar three-dimensional structures but low similarity in amino acid sequences. Moreover, notable differences among them reside in their calcium-binding properties and capability to adopt partly folded states or molten globules in acid solution (A-state) or on depletion of calcium at neutral pH (apo-state). Far- and near-UV CD measurements revealed that although the structures of hen and dog LYS are rather stable in acid at pH 2.0 or at neutral pH in the absence of calcium, conformational transitions to various extents occur with all other LYS/LA proteins herewith investigated. The most significant perturbation of tertiary structure in acid was observed with bovine LA and LYS from horse milk and pigeon egg-white. Pepsin and proteinase K were used as proteolytic probes, because these proteases show broad substrate specificity, and therefore, their sites of proteolysis are dictated not by the specific amino acid sequence of the protein substrate but by its overall structure and dynamics. Although hen LYS at pH 2.0 was fully resistant to proteolysis by pepsin, the other members of the LYS/LA superfamily were cleaved at different rates at few sites of the polypeptide chain and thus producing rather large protein fragments. The apo-form of bovine LA, horse LYS, and pigeon LYS were attacked by proteinase K at pH 8.3, whereas dog and hen LYSs were resistant to proteolysis when reacted under identical experimental conditions. Briefly, it has been found that the proteolysis data correlate well with the extent of conformational transitions inferred from CD spectra and with existing structural informations regarding the proteins herewith investigated, mainly derived from NMR and hydrogen exchange measurements. The sites of initial proteolytic cleavages in the LYS variants occur at the level of the ß-subdomain (approximately chain region 34–57), in analogy to those observed with bovine LA. Proteolysis data are in agreement with the current view that the molten globule of the LYS/LA proteins is characterized by a structured -domain and a largely disrupted ß-subdomain. Our results underscore the utility of the limited proteolysis approach for analyzing structure and dynamics of proteins, even if adopting an ensemble of dynamic states as in the molten globule.
Keywords: Lactalbumin; lysozyme; circular dichroism; limited proteolysis; molten globule; protein folding
Abbreviations: LA, bovine -lactalbumin • LYS, lysozyme • A-state, low-pH form of LA • apo-LA and apo-LYS, calcium-depleted forms of LA and LYS • CD, circular dichroism • E/S, enzyme-to-substrate ratio • H/D, hydrogen/deuterium • Gdn•HCl, guanidine hydrochloride • MG, molten globule • TFA, trifluoroacetic acid • Tricine, N-[2-hydroxy-1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl) ethyl]glycine • MALDI, matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization • PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis • SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate • RP, reverse-phase • HPLC, high-pressure liquid chromatography • TOF, time-of-flight
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