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Exploring the nonlinear geometry of protein homology

3-Dimensional Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, USA

Reprint requests to: Dimitris K. Agrafiotis, 3-Dimensional Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 665 Stockton Drive, Exton, PA 19341, USA; e-mail: dimitris.agrafiotis{at}3dp.com; fax: (610) 458-8249.

The explosion of biological data resulting from genomic and proteomic research has created a pressing need for data analysis techniques that work effectively on a large scale. An area of particular interest is the organization and visualization of large families of protein sequences. An increasingly popular approach is to embed the sequences into a low-dimensional Euclidean space in a way that preserves some predefined measure of sequence similarity. This method has been shown to produce maps that exhibit global order and continuity and reveal important evolutionary, structural, and functional relationships between the embedded proteins. However, protein sequences are related by evolutionary pathways that exhibit highly nonlinear geometry, which is invisible to classical embedding procedures such as multidimensional scaling (MDS) and nonlinear mapping (NLM). Here, we describe the use of stochastic proximity embedding (SPE) for producing Euclidean maps that preserve the intrinsic dimensionality and metric structure of the data. SPE extends previous approaches in two important ways: (1) It preserves only local relationships between closely related sequences, thus allowing the map to unfold and reveal its intrinsic dimension, and (2) it scales linearly with the number of sequences and therefore can be applied to very large protein families. The merits of the algorithm are illustrated using examples from the protein kinase and nuclear hormone receptor superfamilies.

Keywords: Stochastic proximity embedding; multidimensional scaling; nonlinear mapping; Sammon mapping; self-organizing; dimensionality reduction; protein kinase; nuclear hormone receptor; phylogenetic analysis

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