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1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
2 Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
Reprint requests to: Anthony A. Kossiakoff, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, 325C Cummings Life Science Center, 920 E. 58th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; e-mail: koss{at}cummings.uchicago.edu; fax: (773) 834-2777.
Receptor signaling in the growth hormone (GH)–growth hormone receptor (GHR) system is controlled through a sequential two-step hormone-induced dimerization of two copies of the extracellular domain (ECD) of the receptor. The regulatory step of this process is the binding of the second ECD (ECD2) to the stable preassociated 1 : 1 GH/ECD1 complex on the cell surface. To determine the energetics that governs this step, the binding kinetics of 38 single- and double-alanine mutants in the hGH Site2 contact with ECD2 were measured by using trimolecular surface plasmon resonance (TM-SPR). We find that the Site2 interface of hGH does not have a distinct binding hot-spot region, and the most important residues are not spatially clustered, but rather are distributed over the whole binding surface. In addition, it was determined through analysis of a set of pairwise double alanine mutations that there is a significant degree of negative cooperativity among Site2 residues. Residues that show little effect or even improved binding on substitution with alanine, when paired with D116A-hGH, display significant negative cooperativity. Because most of these pairwise mutated residues are spatially separated by 
10 Å, this indicates that the Site2 binding interface of the hGH–hGHR ternary complex displays both structural and energetic malleability.
Keywords: Human growth hormone; extracellular domain of human growth hormone; regulatory step; binding energetics; alanine scanning; surface plasmon resonance
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