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The solution structure of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor at high pressure

¹ Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
² Department of Biotechnological Science, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kinki University, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan

Reprint requests to: Michael P. Williamson, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK; e-mail: m.williamson{at}sheffield.ac.uk; fax: 44-114-272-8697.

The solution structure of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) at a pressure of 2 kbar is presented. The structure was calculated as a change from an energy-minimized low-pressure structure, using ¹H chemical shifts as restraints. The structure has changed by 0.24 Å RMS, and has almost unchanged volume. The largest changes as a result of pressure are in the loop 10–16, which contains the active site of BPTI, and residues 38–42, which are adjacent to buried water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are compressed by 0.029 ± 0.117 Å, with the longer hydrogen bonds, including those to internal buried water molecules, being compressed more. The hydrophobic core is also compressed, largely from reduction of packing defects. The parts of the structure that have the greatest change are close to buried water molecules, thus highlighting the importance of water molecules as the nucleation sites for volume fluctuation of proteins in native conditions.

Keywords: Pressure; protein compression; chemical shifts; NMR; buried water; active site

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