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Protein Science (2004), 13:1767-1777. Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Copyright © 2004 The Protein Society
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Biophysical characterization of the free I{kappa}B{alpha} ankyrin repeat domain in solution

Carrie Hughes Croy1, Simon Bergqvist1, Tom Huxford, Gourisankar Ghosh and Elizabeth A. Komives

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0378, USA

(RECEIVED March 15, 2004; FINAL REVISION April 16, 2004; ACCEPTED April 19, 2004)



Abstract

The crystal structure of I{kappa}B{alpha} in complex with the transcription factor, nuclear factor {kappa}-B (NF-{kappa}B) shows six ankyrin repeats, which are all ordered. Electron density was not observed for most of the residues within the PEST sequence, although it is required for high-affinity binding. To characterize the folded state of I{kappa}B{alpha} (67–317) when it is not in complex with NF-{kappa}B, we have carried out circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, 8-anilino-1-napthalenesulphonic acid (ANS) binding, differential scanning calorimetry, and amide hydrogen/deuterium exchange experiments. The CD spectrum shows the presence of helical structure, consistent with other ankyrin repeat proteins. The large amount of ANS-binding and amide exchange suggest that the protein may have molten globule character. The amide exchange experiments show that the third ankyrin repeat is the most compact, the second and fourth repeats are somewhat less compact, and the first and sixth repeats are solvent exposed. The PEST extension is also highly solvent accessible. I{kappa} B{alpha} unfolds with a Tm of 42°C, and forms a soluble aggregate that sequesters helical and variable loop parts of the first, fourth, and sixth repeats and the PEST extension. The second and third repeats, which conform most closely to a consensus for stable ankyrin repeats, appear to remain outside of the aggregate. The ramifications of these observations for the biological function of I{kappa}B{alpha} are discussed.

Keywords: protein folding; MALDI-TOF; amide H/2H exchange; ankyrin repeat domain; I{kappa}B{alpha}; functionally disordered proteins

Reprint requests to: Elizabeth A. Komives, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0378, USA; e-mail: ekomives{at}ucsd.edu; fax: (858) 534-6174.

1 These authors contributed equally to this work.

Article and publication are at http://www.proteinscience.org/cgi/doi/10.1110/ps.04731004.


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