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Published online before print May 28, 2004, 10.1110/ps.04716104
Protein Science (2004), 13:1902-1907. Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Copyright © 2004 The Protein Society
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Zinc-dependent dimerization of the folding catalyst, protein disulfide isomerase

Anton Solovyov and Hiram F. Gilbert

Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA

(RECEIVED March 1, 2004; FINAL REVISION March 24, 2004; ACCEPTED March 24, 2004)



Abstract

Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), an essential folding catalyst and chaperone of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), has four structural domains (a-b-b'-a'-) of approximately equal size. Each domain has sequence or structural homology with thioredoxin. Sedimentation equilibrium and velocity experiments show that PDI is an elongated monomer (axial ratio 5.7), suggesting that the four thioredoxin domains are extended. In the presence of physiological levels (<1 mM) of Zn2+ and other thiophilic divalent cations such as Cd2+ and Hg2+, PDI forms a stable dimer that aggregates into much larger oligomeric forms with time. The dimer is also elongated (axial ratio 7.1). Oligomerization involves the interaction of Zn2+ with the cysteines of PDI. PDI has active sites in the N-terminal (a) and C-terminal (a')thioredoxin domains, each with two cysteines (CGHC). Two other cysteines are found in one of the internal domains (b'). Cysteine to serine mutations show that Zn2+-dependent dimerization occurs predominantly by bridging an active site cysteine from either one of the active sites with one of the cysteines in the internal domain (b'). The dimer incorporates two atoms of Zn2+ and exhibits 50% of the isomerase activity of PDI. At longer times and higher PDI concentrations, the dimer forms oligomers and aggregates of high molecular weight (>600 kDa). Because of a very high concentration of PDI in the ER, its interaction with divalent ions could play a role in regulating the effective concentration of these metal ions, protecting against metal toxicity, or affecting the activity of other (ER) proteins that use Zn2+ as a cofactor.

Keywords: zinc; protein disulfide isomerase; disulfide; oligomerization; protein folding

Reprint requests to: Hiram F. Gilbert, Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; e-mail: hgilbert{at}bcm.tmc.edu; fax: (713) 796-9438.

Article published online ahead of print. Article and publication date are at http://www.proteinscience.org/cgi/doi/10.1110/ps.04716104.


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