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Design of HIV-1-PR inhibitors that do not create resistance: Blocking the folding of single monomers

¹ Dipartimento di Fisica, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
² Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
³ Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark

(RECEIVED June 27, 2005; FINAL REVISION July 13, 2005; ACCEPTED July 17, 2005)

The main problems found in designing drugs are those of optimizing the drug–target interaction and of avoiding the insurgence of resistance. We suggest a scheme for the design of inhibitors that can be used as leads for the development of a drug and that do not face either of these problems, and then apply it to the case of HIV-1-PR. It is based on the knowledge that the folding of single-domain proteins, such as each of the monomers forming the HIV-1-PR homodimer, is controlled by local elementary structures (LES), stabilized by local contacts among hydrophobic, strongly interacting, and highly conserved amino acids that play a central role in the folding process. Because LES have evolved over many generations to recognize and strongly interact with each other so as to make the protein fold fast and avoid aggregation with other proteins, highly specific (and thus little toxic) as well as effective folding-inhibitor molecules suggest themselves: short peptides (or eventually their mimetic molecules) displaying the same amino acid sequence of that of LES (p-LES). Aside from being specific and efficient, these inhibitors are expected not to induce resistance; in fact, mutations in HIV-1-PR that successfully avoid the action of p-LES imply the destabilization of one or more LES and thus should lead to protein denaturation. Making use of Monte Carlo simulations, we first identify the LES of the HIV-1-PR and then show that the corresponding p-LES peptides act as effective inhibitors of the folding of the protease.

Keywords: HIV protease; folding inhibition; simplified model; Monte Carlo simulations

Abbreviations: HIV-1-PR, human immunodeficiency virus type-1 protease • LES, local elementary structure • p-LES, local-elementary-structure-mimicking peptide • RMSD, root mean square deviation

Article and publication are at http://www.proteinscience.org/cgi/doi/10.1110/ps.051670905.

Reprint requests to: Guido Tiana, Dipartimento di Fisica, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; e-mail: tiana{at}mi.infn.it; fax: + 39-0250317487.

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