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D-crystallin
Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
(RECEIVED September 9, 2004; FINAL REVISION November 24, 2004; ACCEPTED November 25, 2004)
Human 
D-crystallin (HD-Crys) is a monomeric eye lens protein composed of two highly homologous 
-sheet domains. The domains interact through interdomain side chain contacts forming two structurally distinct regions, a central hydrophobic cluster and peripheral residues. The hydrophobic cluster contains Met43, Phe56, and Ile81 from the N-terminal domain (N-td) and Val132, Leu145, and Val170 from the C-terminal domain (C-td). Equilibrium unfolding/refolding of wild-type HD-Crys in guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) was best fit to a three-state model with transition midpoints of 2.2 and 2.8 M GuHCl. The two transitions likely corresponded to sequential unfolding/refolding of the N-td and the C-td. Previous kinetic experiments revealed that the C-td refolds more rapidly than the N-td. We constructed alanine substitutions of the hydrophobic interface residues to analyze their roles in folding and stability. After purification from E. coli, all mutant proteins adopted a native-like structure similar to wild type. The mutants F56A, I81A, V132A, and L145A had a destabilized N-td, causing greater population of the single folded domain intermediate. Compared to wild type, these mutants also had reduced rates for productive refolding of the N-td but not the C-td. These data suggest a refolding pathway where the domain interface residues of the refolded C-td act as a nucleating center for refolding of the N-td. Specificity of domain interface interactions is likely important for preventing incorrect associations in the high protein concentrations of the lens nucleus.
Keywords: human D-crystallin; hydrophobic interactions; domain interface; partially folded intermediate; cataract; equilibrium unfolding/refolding transitions
Article and publication are at http://www.proteinscience.org/cgi/doi/10.1110/ps.041111405.
Reprint requests to: Jonathan King, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Building 68, Room 330, 31 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; e-mail: jaking{at}mit.edu; fax: (617) 252-1843.
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