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1 University of California, San Francisco (UCSF)/University of California, Berkeley (UCB) Joint Graduate Group in Bioengineering and 2 Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
(RECEIVED October 13, 2004; FINAL REVISION December 17, 2004; ACCEPTED December 18, 2004)
We simulate the aggregation thermodynamics and kinetics of proteins L and G, each of which self-assembles to the same 
/ topology through distinct folding mechanisms. We find that the aggregation kinetics of both proteins at an experimentally relevant concentration exhibit both fast and slow aggregation pathways, although a greater proportion of protein G aggregation events are slow relative to those of found for protein L. These kinetic differences are correlated with the amount and distribution of intrachain contacts formed in the denatured state ensemble (DSE), or an intermediate state ensemble (ISE) if it exists, as well as the folding timescales of the two proteins. Protein G aggregates more slowly than protein L due to its rapidly formed folding intermediate, which exhibits native intrachain contacts spread across the protein, suggesting that certain early folding intermediates may be selected for by evolution due to their protective role against unwanted aggregation. Protein L shows only localized native structure in the DSE with timescales of folding that are commensurate with the aggregation timescale, leaving it vulnerable to domain swapping or nonnative interactions with other chains that increase the aggregation rate. Folding experiments that characterize the structural signatures of the DSE, ISE, or the transition state ensemble (TSE) under nonaggregating conditions should be able to predict regions where interchain contacts will be made in the aggregate, and to predict slower aggregation rates for proteins with contacts that are dispersed across the fold. Since proteins L and G can both form amyloid fibrils, this work also provides mechanistic and structural insight into the formation of prefibrillar species.
Keywords: aggregation; protein folding; denatured state; folding intermediates; protein function
Article and publication are at http://www.proteinscience.org/cgi/doi/10.1110/ps.041177505.
Reprint requests to: Teresa Head-Gordon, Department of Bioengineering, Donner 272, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; e-mail: TLHead-Gordon{at}lbl.gov; fax: (510) 486-6632.
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