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Published online before print April 5, 2006, 10.1110/ps.051874706
Protein Science (2006), 15:961-975. Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Copyright © 2006 The Protein Society
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Expression, purification, and characterization of Thermotoga maritima membrane proteins for structure determination

Linda Columbus1, Jan Lipfert2, Heath Klock5, Ian Millett2, Sebastian Doniach2,3,4 and Scott A. Lesley1,5

1 The Joint Center for Structural Genomics and The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
Departments of 2 Physics
3 Applied Physics
4 Biophysics Program, Geballe Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
5 The Joint Center for Structural Genomics and the Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, USA

(RECEIVED September 28, 2005; FINAL REVISION January 2, 2006; ACCEPTED January 27, 2006)

Structural studies of integral membrane proteins typically rely upon detergent micelles as faithful mimics of the native lipid bilayer. Therefore, membrane protein structure determination would be greatly facilitated by biophysical techniques that are capable of evaluating and assessing the fold and oligomeric state of these proteins solubilized in detergent micelles. In this study, an approach to the characterization of detergent-solubilized integral membrane proteins is presented. Eight Thermotoga maritima membrane proteins were screened for solubility in 11 detergents, and the resulting soluble protein–detergent complexes were characterized with small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, and chemical cross-linking to evaluate the homogeneity, oligomeric state, radius of gyration, and overall fold. A new application of SAXS is presented, which does not require density matching, and NMR methods, typically used to evaluate soluble proteins, are successfully applied to detergent-solubilized membrane proteins. Although detergents with longer alkyl chains solubilized the most proteins, further characterization indicates that some of these protein–detergent complexes are not well suited for NMR structure determination due to conformational exchange and protein oligomerization. These results emphasize the need to screen several different detergents and to characterize the protein–detergent complex in order to pursue structural studies. Finally, the physical characterization of the protein–detergent complexes indicates optimal solution conditions for further structural studies for three of the eight overexpressed membrane proteins.

Keywords: membrane proteins; NMR; SAXS; protein–detergent complexes; detergent micelles


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