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Published online before print April 29, 2008, 10.1110/ps.034892.108
Protein Science (2008), 17:1175-1187. Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Copyright © 2008 The Protein Society
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Toward chaperone-assisted crystallography: Protein engineering enhancement of crystal packing and X-ray phasing capabilities of a camelid single-domain antibody (VHH) scaffold

Valentina Tereshko1, Serdar Uysal1, Akiko Koide1, Katrina Margalef, Shohei Koide, and Anthony A. Kossiakoff

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA

(RECEIVED February 12, 2008; FINAL REVISION April 8, 2008; ACCEPTED April 15, 2008)

A crystallization chaperone is an auxiliary protein that binds to a target of interest, enhances and modulates crystal packing, and provides high-quality phasing information. We critically evaluated the effectiveness of a camelid single-domain antibody (VHH) as a crystallization chaperone. By using a yeast surface display system for VHH, we successfully introduced additional Met residues in the core of the VHH scaffold. We identified a set of SeMet-labeled VHH variants that collectively produced six new crystal forms as the complex with the model antigen, RNase A. The crystals exhibited monoclinic, orthorhombic, triclinic, and tetragonal symmetry and have one or two complexes in the asymmetric unit, some of which diffracted to an atomic resolution. The phasing power of the Met-enriched VHH chaperone allowed for auto-building the entire complex using single-anomalous dispersion technique (SAD) without the need for introducing SeMet into the target protein. We show that phases produced by combining SAD and VHH model-based phases are accurate enough to easily solve structures of the size reported here, eliminating the need to collect multiple wavelength multiple-anomalous dispersion (MAD) data. Together with the presence of high-throughput selection systems (e.g., phage display libraries) for VHH, the enhanced VHH domain described here will be an excellent scaffold for producing effective crystallization chaperones.

Keywords: X-ray diffraction; crystallization; SeMet phasing; camelid single-domain antibody; VHH; yeast surface display


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