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Protein Science, Vol 3, Issue 9 1556-1569, Copyright © 1994 by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press

ARTICLE

Optimization of the electrostatic interactions in proteins of different functional and folding type

V. Z. SPASSOV, A. D. KARSHIKOFF and R. LADENSTEIN
Centre for Structural Biochemistry, Karolinska Institute, NOVUM, S-14157 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden Central Laboratory of Biophysics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria

The 3-dimensional optimization of the electrostatic interactions between the charged amino acid residues was studied by Monte Carlo simulations on an extended representative set of 141 protein structures with known atomic coordinates. The proteins were classified by different functional and structural criteria, and the optimization of the electrostatic interactions was analyzed. The optimization parameters were obtained by comparison of the contribution of charge-charge interactions to the free energy of the native protein structures and for a large number of randomly distributed charge constellations obtained by the Monte Carlo technique. On the basis of the results obtained, one can conclude that the charge-charge interactions are better optimized in the enzymes than in the proteins without enzymatic functions. Proteins that belong to the mixed {alpha}{beta} folding type are electrostatically better optimized than pure {alpha}-helical or {beta}-strand structures. Proteins that are stabilized by disulfide bonds show a lower degree of electrostatic optimization. The electrostatic interactions in a native protein are effectively optimized by rejection of the conformers that lead to repulsive charge-charge interactions. Particularly, the rejection of the repulsive contacts seems to be a major goal in the protein folding process. The dependence of the optimization parameters on the choice of the potential function was tested. The majority of the potential functions gave practically identical results.
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Copyright © 1994 by The Protein Society.