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Crystal structures of barley thioredoxin h isoforms HvTrxh1 and HvTrxh2 reveal features involved in protein recognition and possibly in discriminating the isoform specificity

¹ Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
² Biostructure Group, Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark

(RECEIVED January 22, 2008; FINAL REVISION March 11, 2008; ACCEPTED March 11, 2008)

H-type thioredoxins (Trxs) constitute a particularly large Trx sub-group in higher plants. Here, the crystal structures are determined for the two barley Trx h isoforms, HvTrxh1 and HvTrxh2, in the partially radiation-reduced state to resolutions of 1.7 Å, and for HvTrxh2 in the oxidized state to 2.0 Å. The two Trxs have a sequence identity of 51% and highly similar fold and active-site architecture. Interestingly, the four independent molecules in the crystals of HvTrxh1 form two relatively large and essentially identical protein–protein interfaces. In each interface, a loop segment of one HvTrxh1 molecule is positioned along a shallow hydrophobic groove at the primary nucleophile Cys40 of another HvTrxh1 molecule. The association mode can serve as a model for the target protein recognition by Trx, as it brings the Met82 C atom ( position as a disulfide sulfur) of the bound loop segment in the proximity of the Cys40 thiol. The interaction involves three characteristic backbone–backbone hydrogen bonds in an antiparallel β-sheet-like arrangement, similar to the arrangement observed in the structure of an engineered, covalently bound complex between Trx and a substrate protein, as reported by Maeda et al. in an earlier paper. The occurrence of an intermolecular salt bridge between Glu80 of the bound loop segment and Arg101 near the hydrophobic groove suggests that charge complementarity plays a role in the specificity of Trx. In HvTrxh2, isoleucine corresponds to this arginine, which emphasizes the potential for specificity differences between the coexisting barley Trx isoforms.

Keywords: thioredoxin h; cysteine oxidoreduction; protein recognition; redox regulation

Abbreviations: ASA, accessible surface area; BASI, barley -amylase/subtilisin inhibitor; HvTrxh1, barley thioredoxin h isoform 1; HvTrxh2, barley thioredoxin h isoform 2; MR, molecular replacement; NTR, NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase; PEG, polyethylene glycol; RMSD, root mean square deviation; Trx, thioredoxin

Article published online ahead of print. Article and publication date are at http://www.proteinscience.org/cgi/doi/10.1110/ps.083460308.

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